How to Write an Abstract
Writing is a medium of human communication that represents language and
emotion through the inscription or recording of signs and symbols. In most
languages, writing is a complement to speech or spoken language. Writing
is not a language but a form of technology that developed as tools developed
with human society. Within a language system, writing relies on many of the
same structures as speech, such as vocabulary, grammar, and semantics,
with the added dependency of a system of signs or symbols. This is an
important skill should we know as a student because this is the most
significant on the education way. On this review we are focused on the abstracts,
this the is vital to write a complete but concise description of your work to
entice potential readers into obtaining a copy of the full paper.
On writing the abstract we need to focus on the rule as the rule is part or the
step on the writing specific abstract . In this review we will focus on
five rule we need to create the easier, as the strategy, we need to use is :
The first on writing the abstract we have need motivation Why do we
care about the problem and the results? If the problem isn’t obviously
“interesting” it might be better to put motivation first; but if your work is
incremental progress on a problem that is widely recognized as important, then
it is probably better to put the problem statement first to indicate which
piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on. This section
should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the
impact it might have if successful.
The second way is Problem statement What problem are you
trying to solve? What is the scope of your work (a generalized
approach, or for a specific situation)? Be careful not to use too much jargon.
In some cases, it is appropriate to put the problem statement before the
motivation, but usually, this only works if most readers already understand why
the problem is important.
The third step we need is Approach How did you go about
solving or making progress on the problem? Did you use simulation,
analytic models, prototype construction, or analysis of field data for an
actual product? What was the extent of your work (did you look at one
application program or a hundred programs in twenty different programming
languages?) What important variables did you control, ignore, or
measure.
The fourth is Results What’s the answer? Specifically, most good computer
architecture papers conclude that something is so many percents faster,
cheaper, smaller, or otherwise better than something else. Put the result
there, in numbers. Avoid vaguely, hand-waving results such as “very”, “small”,
or “significant.” If you must be vague, you are only given license to do so
when you can talk about orders-of-magnitude improvement. There is a tension
here in that you should not provide numbers that can be easily misinterpreted,
but on the other hand, you don't have room for all the caveats.
And about the last step we need Conclusions What are the implications of
your answer? Is it going to change the world (unlike), be a significant “win”,
be a nice hack, or simply serve as a road sign indicating that this path is a
waste of time (all of the previous results are useful). Are your
results general, potentially generalization, or specific to a particular
case?
Finally, not all of methods and techniques for language teaching is perfect for
teaching –learning process. Cause all of that, there is advantages and
disadvantages so there is no relevant technique can be used to achieve purpose
study. Actually, a teacher has an important role which is mastering on
technology. Because if the teacher can not use the technology such as notebook
very well, it will make the class being monotonous.
References :
ü
Koopman , Philip (October
1997) Carnegie Mellon University . How to Write an Abstract
ü
Michaelson, Herbert, How to Write & Publish Engineering Papers and
Reports, Oryx Press, 1990.Chapter 6 discusses abstracts.
ü
Cummins,
Edward, The Art of Abstracting 2nd Edition, Info Resources Press, April
1996. This isan entire book about abstracting, written primarily for
professional abstractors.